Word formation

Formation des adjectifs en anglais

En anglais, les adjectifs se forment le plus souvent en ajoutant un préfixe ou un suffixe au mot. Ci-dessous, la liste des préfixes et des suffixes utilisés pour former des adjectifs :

Avec des suffixes :

Adjectives in –Y : cloud= cloudy ; rain= rainy; fun= funny

Adjectives in –LY: day= daily; week= weekly; friend= friendly

Adjectives in –FUL: care= careful; wonder= wonderful; play= playful

Adjectives in –LESS: care= careless; cloud= cloudless; friend= friendless

Adjectives in –ISH: English; British; grey= greyish

Adjectives in – ABLE: misery= miserable; comfort= comfortable;

Adjectives in – ERN: North= Northern; west= western

Adjectives in – ING: amuse=amusing; interest= interesting;

Adjectives in –IC: poet= poetic; roman= romantic; domestic

Adjectives in –OUS: danger= dangerous; nerve= nervous;

Avec des prefixes :

Adjectives in UN: able= unable; happy= unhappy; easy= uneasy

Adjectives in IN: correct= incorrect; excusable= inexcusable; sane= insane.

PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS

Le pluriel des noms en Anglais constitue un véritable casse tête pour les élèves. Nous avons dressé ci dessous, la liste de quelques cas de noms en fonction de leurs terminaisons et les formes de pluriel que ceci implique.

Pour la plupart des noms, on ajoute juste -s		Pour les noms se terminant en s, x, z, ch or sh, ajoutez -es
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
hand	hands	box	boxes
rabbit	rabbits	pitch	pitches
key	keys	wish	wishes
clock	clocks	boss	bosses
Tree	Trees	buzz	buzzes
door	doors	glass	glasses
		class	classes

Noms qui se terminent par o, on ajoute -es

		Exceptions
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
potato	potatoes	cello	cellos
tomato	tomatoes	disco	discos
hero	heroes	hairdo	hairdos
echo	echoes	logo	logos
banjo	banjoes	patio	patios
		photo	photos
		piano	pianos
		radio	radios

Mots se terminant en F, changent le F pour le V et on ajoute es

		Exceptions
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
half	halves	chief	chiefs
loaf	loaves	cliff	cliffs
elf	elves	ref	refs
leaf	leaves	roof	roofs
self	selves
shelf	shelves
thief	thieves
wolf	wolves

Noms se terminant en ife, changent le F pour le V and then add -s
Noms se terminant par une consonne suivie de y, changent le y pour le i et on ajoute -es


Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
wife	wives	poppy	poppies
life	lives	fly	flies
knife	knives	penny	pennies
		spy	spies
		nappy	nappies
		sty	sties

Noms invariables		Pluriel irrégulier
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
fish	fish	person	people
sheep	sheep	child	children
deer	deer	ox	oxen
tuna	tuna	foot	feet
salmon	salmon	tooth	teeth
trout	trout	goose	geese
		mouse	mice
		louse	lice
		man	men
		Brother	Brethren (ou Brothers)

CONDITIONAL OR IF CLAUSES

Les conditional clauses of IF clauses comprennent deux types de phrases: 1- Une phrase subordonnée qui contient la condition IF et une seconde phrase qui est dite "result" clause qui contient le résultat. Il s'agit donc dans ce type de phrases, de conditions à réunir (1) pour que se produise un évènement, une action (phrase 2). La structure de ces phrases est la suivante:

Hypothèse simple ou 1^st Conditional: Dans le cas d'une hypothèse simple.

If + verbe au simple present dans la première phrase = futur -shall, will, may- (dans le result clause). Note: Shall, will, may lorsqu'ils sont utilisés avec un verbe, ce dernier garde sa forme de base

If it rains, everyone will/shall/may stay indoors
S'il pleut, chacun reste à la maison

2. Hypothèse incertaine ou souhait, vœux ou 2^nd Conditional

If + verbe au prétérit ou simple past tense dans la première phrase) = conditionnel (would, should, might, could) dans le result clause

If it rained, everyone would stay indoors
S'il pleuvait, chacun resterait à la maison (mais il ne pleut pas).

NB Lorsqu'on émet un souhait, un vœux, on utilise were à la place de was, même si le pronom personnel est "I" Ex. If I were you, i would accept the job, ou alors comme dit Beyonce, If I were a boy, i would travel...or dans les deux on n'est ni l'un ni l'autre, on émet juste des sohaits, des voeux, des propositions...

3. Hypothèse non réalisée ou 3^rd Conditional:

If + verbe pluperfect (past perfect) (dans la subordonnée) = conditionnel passé ou conditional present perfect (result clause).

If it had rained, everyone would have stayed indoors.

Note: il existe une autre forme du 3^rd Conditional. Ainsi au lieu d'utiliser If, on inverse plutôt le verbe comme l'indique la structure suivante: Had it rained, i would have stayed indoors

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Les phrases relatives (relative clauses) sont des courtes phrases avec des mots tels que who, which qui sont appelés des pronoms relatifs qui définissent ou décrivent des personnes, des choses, des animaux. Liste des pronoms relatifs.

Who/Whom/ to whom sont utilisés pour des personnes. Who est pronom relatif sujet alors que Whom est pronom relatif complément: Ex. The man who (qui) is coming is the director. The man whom (que) you saw is the director. The man to whom you spoke is the director.
Which/that sont utilisés pour des personnes, des choses, des animaux. Ils sont aussi bien complément que sujet. Ex. The bus which (qui) goes to Cairo leaves from here. The bus which (que) you saw goes to Cairo. The road that (que) we took led to an ancien temple.
Whose (dont) montre que quelque chose appartient à quelqu'un. The girl whose car had been stolen went to the police station. Notez que lorsqu'on utilise whose celui ci s'intercale entre deux mots que nous avons souligné.(girl & car)

relative pronoun	use	example
who	subject or object pronoun for people	I told you about the woman who lives next door.
which	subject or object pronoun for animals and things	Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
which	referring to a whole sentence	He couldn’t read which surprised me.
whose	possession for people animals and things	Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?
whom	object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)	I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.
that	subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible)	I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen.

Prepositions adapted from www.ego4u.com

other propositions

English	Usage	Example
From	who gave it	a present from Jane
Of	who/what does it belong to what does it show	a page of the book the picture of a palace
By	who made it	a book by Mark Twain
On	walking or riding on horseback entering a public transport vehicle	on foot, on horseback get on the bus
In	entering a car / Taxi	get in the car
Off	leaving a public transport vehicle	get off the train
Out of	leaving a car / Taxi	get out of the taxi
By	rise or fall of something travelling (other than walking or horseriding)	prices have risen by 10 percent by car, by bus
At	for age	she learned Russian at 45
About	for topics, meaning what about	we were talking about you

Place proposition (position/direction)

English	Usage	Example
in	room, building, street, town, country book, paper etc. car, taxi picture, world	in the kitchen, in London in the book in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world
at	meaning next to, by an object for table for events place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)	at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work
on	attached for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio	the picture on the wall London lies on the Thames. on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on a plane on TV, on the radio
by, next to, beside	left or right of somebody or something	Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
under	on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else	the bag is under the table
below	lower than something else but above ground	the fish are below the surface
over	covered by something else meaning more than getting to the other side (also across) overcoming an obstacle	put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall
above	higher than something else, but not directly over it	a path above the lake
across	getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side	walk across the bridge swim across the lake
through	something with limits on top, bottom and the sides	drive through the tunnel
to	movement to person or building movement to a place or country for bed	go to the cinema go to London / Ireland go to bed
into	enter a room / a building	go into the kitchen / the house
towards	movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)	go 5 steps towards the house
onto	movement to the top of something	jump onto the table
from	in the sense of where from	a flower from the garden

Time proposition

English	Usage	Example
On	days of the week	on Monday
In	months / seasons time of day year after a certain period of time (when?)	in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour
At	for night for weekend a certain point of time (when?)	at night at the weekend at half past nine
Since	from a certain point of time (past till now)	since 1980
For	over a certain period of time (past till now)	for 2 years
Ago	a certain time in the past	2 years ago
Before	earlier than a certain point of time	before 2004
To	telling the time	ten to six (5:50)
past	telling the time	ten past six (6:10)
To / till / until	marking the beginning and end of a period of time	from Monday to/till Friday
till / until	in the sense of how long something is going to last	He is on holiday until Friday.
By	in the sense of at the latest up to a certain time	I will be back by 6 o’clock. By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.

Date de dernière mise à jour : dimanche, 10 janvier 2016

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